Glossary/mini dictionary |
word morphology type meaning
ao v.tr want
bè v.it be drunk, be intoxicated
bùn pron (relative pronoun, animate)
byùc attr gibyùc v.it be ambitious
dàon v.it dare, venture, take a chance
dric v.tr attack
dyao n.a.coll enemies (as a group)
dzac v.tr finish, complete
dzó pron the same one (animate)
en v.tr fight
fec n.a warrior
fwenc n.a river
fwinc v.tr think, reflect, consider, assume
fyec v.tr happen, occur (may introduce a temporal noun phrase)
gyác v.tr control, manage, rule, govern
gyào pron (relative pronoun, inanimate)
hxaenc n.i.coll.poss mind, thoughts, ideas
ki det this
kèa v.tr hit, strike
kén n.i.coll task, mission, quest, project
kóan v.tr seize, conquer
kù det that
lo v.tr become
man n.a day
mbrinc v.it be brave, be courageous
mè cj (complementizer, mirative, indicates unexpected information)
nanda v.it gain power, rise to glory
ndlíc n.a.coll magical herbs, drugs
ndùc n.i battle
ndza v.it be successful, hit the target
ndzì pron (3rd person animate paucal/collective)
ndźác v.tr defeat
ndźi qu much, a lot, a large amount of (used with collective nouns)
nrà v.it can, be able
ntrèc adv long ago
nu v.tr push, have an influence on
nù adv really, indeed
nyu v.tr see
o cj and, also (used with clauses)
odzac pp.n to the north of
pòc v.tr give (as a gift)
pwec v.it be heroic, be famous, be noble
pyu cj because
ràe v.tr wish, hope
ró v.it be special, be unique
runc pp.n near, beside, close to
soc v.tr give; (in SVC) cause, bring about
sru det (indefinite determiner, animate)
táe n.a story, legend
tèin adv then (in the future)
tenc cj (complementizer)
to pron (3rd person inanimate singular/collective)
tou n.i.coll land, country
trà v.it exist (used with VS word order)
tśa v.tr dwell at, live in
tśi pron (3rd person animate singular/singulative)
tùc v.tr know (how to do sth.)
twinc adv here
twó attr glúo v.it be strong
tyòu v.tr eat
ugei n.a chieftain, leader
vyei n.i spring, well, source
wo pp.v with, by, using (instrumental)
yao adv too, also, as well
yéi adv then (in the past)
yu pp.n of, belonging to, associated with
zò v.tr put, place
Idiomatic serial verb constructions
SVC type meaning comments
tyòu nyu svc.tr taste, try (solid food) (lit. eat see)
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Grammar notes |
Nouns
Nouns can be animate or inanimate, countable or collective, and optionally or
obligatorily possessed.
Countable nouns refer to single entities, and may inflect for plural number.
Collective nouns refer to a collection of items by default, and may inflect for
singulative number if only one single member of the collection is referenced.
However, there are no morphologically plural or singulative forms in this
text.
Obligatorily possessed nouns (which may be further characterized by an
attributive verb) must be followed immediately by their possessor, without any
explicit marking. Optionally possessed nouns form possessive phrases with a
preposition.
Verbs
Verbs inflect for passive voice and for the attributive (a kind of participle,
which makes up for the fact that Ronc Tyu does not have a lexical class of
adjectives). Passives are not used here; all attributive forms which occur in
this text are given in the wordlist.
Prepositions
Ronc Tyu distinguishes between two types of prepositions: Adnominal prepositions
(pp.n) refer only to noun phrases (e.g. "the tree on the hill"), whereas
adverbial prepositions (pp.v) always refer to the clause (e.g. "I'm standing on
the hill"). Adnominal prepositions may be nested within an adverbial
prepositional phrase.
Syntax
The basic word order is SVO, with occasional exceptions (for example in
existential statements).
Phrases are typically head-initial, with modifiers following their heads.
Ronc Tyu frequently uses serial verb constructions (SVC) consisting of two or
more verbs to describe complex actions and situations, with the component verbs
typically appearing in the chronological order of subevents. Some common
collocations have a slightly idiomatic meaning, but most of the SVC instances in
this text should be fairly transparent. One particularly idiomatic SVC is given
in the wordlist.
Some types of SVC can also serve a grammatical purpose, for example describing
cause-event relationships or adding modal or aspectual information.
Most SVC have the shape N₁ V V (V) (N₂), with all verbs sharing the same subject
N₁ (and, where relevant, the same object N₂).
Another type of SVC with the shape N₁ V (V) N₂ V (V) (N₃), where the middle noun
phrase N₂ simultaneously functions as the object of the verb(s) before it and as
the subject of the verb(s) after it.
Relative clauses always contain an overt pronoun referring to the relativized
element within the relative clause (i.e. they follow a pronoun-retention
strategy).
A few words lexically require unusual syntactic constructions; this has been
noted in the wordlist where relevant.
Links
A more elaborate grammatical description of Ronc Tyu can be found at
http://akana.conlang.org/wiki/Ronc_Tyu |